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If you're a bit confused about the many, many terms being thrown around related to happiness, well-being, and life satisfaction, you're not alone!

There are so many ways to talk about this topic in positive psychology that it's easy to go bogged downwardly in ambivalence.

For laymen and those not involved in positive psychology enquiry, the terms may seem interchangeable. However, there is a difference betwixt these three terms and the constructs they represent.

If you lot're interested in finding out exactly how they differ—and why life satisfaction is such an important topic in positive psychology—you've come to the right identify.

Read on to learn more than!

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What is the Meaning of Life Satisfaction?

Life satisfaction is a bit more than complex than it seems; the term is sometimes used interchangeably with happiness, simply they are indeed two split up concepts. Life satisfaction is the evaluation of one'southward life equally a whole, not simply one's current level of happiness.

There are a few unlike working definitions of life satisfaction, including well-being and life satisfaction researcher Ed Diener'due south:

"[A]n overall assessment of feelings and attitudes about one's life at a detail point in time ranging from negative to positive"

(Buetell, 2006).

Another popular definition of life satisfaction comes from some other highly regarded life satisfaction scholar, Ruut Veenhoven:

"Life satisfaction is the caste to which a person positively evaluates the overall quality of his/her life as a whole. In other words, how much the person likes the life he/she leads"

(1996).

Finally, Ellison and colleagues define life satisfaction equally:

"[A] cognitive cess of an underlying state thought to be relatively consistent and influenced by social factors"

(1989).

Although in that location are small-scale differences between the definitions, the underlying idea is the same: life satisfaction refers to an individual'south overall feelings well-nigh his or her life. In other words, life satisfaction is a global evaluation rather than one that is grounded at whatever specific bespeak in time or in any specific domain.

Is There a Difference Betwixt Happiness and Life Satisfaction?

Although related, happiness and life satisfaction are not the aforementioned thing.

Happiness is an immediate, in-the-moment feel; although enjoyable, it is ultimately fleeting. A healthy life certainly includes moments of happiness, but happiness alone usually does non brand for a fulfilling and satisfying life.

According to Daniel Gilbert, professor of Psychology at Harvard University, the meaning of happiness is "anything nosotros pleased" (Gilbert, 2009). It is a more transitory construct than life satisfaction, and tin be triggered by whatever of a huge number of events, activities, or thoughts.

Life satisfaction is not simply more than stable and long-lived than happiness, it is too broader in scope. Information technology is our general feeling about our life and how pleased nosotros are with how it'south going. There are many factors that contribute to life satisfaction from a number of domains, including work, romantic relationships, relationships with family and friends, personal development, health and wellness, and others.

Another difference betwixt happiness and life satisfaction is that the latter is not based on criterion that researchers deem to exist important, but instead on your own cognitive judgments of the factors that you consider to be most valuable.

This is also the main deviation betwixt well-beingness and life satisfaction; there are many scales that produce cracking measures of a person's well-being, just well-being is generally more strictly defined and based on specific variables.

One of the most popular theories of well-being is the PERMA model adult past Martin Seligman, one of the "founding fathers" of positive psychology (Seligman, 2011). His model is based on the thought that there are 5 main factors that contribute to well-beingness: Positive emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Pregnant, and Accomplishments.

This model successfully explains differences in well-being, only information technology often fails to truly capture life satisfaction because it is more objective and less customizable based on what each individual values.

Life satisfaction measures are mostly subjective, or based on the variables that an private finds personally of import in their own life. Your life satisfaction will not be adamant based on a factor that you don't actually detect personally meaningful.

Y'all may also hear another term tossed about with life satisfaction and happiness: quality of life. Quality of life is another measure of satisfaction or well-being, merely it is associated with living conditions like the amount and quality of food, the state of ane's health, and the quality of one'south shelter (Veenhoven, 1996).

Once more, the difference between this related variable and life satisfaction is that life satisfaction is subjective and more inherently emotional. Someone who is homeless or terminally ill may well have a higher life satisfaction than a wealthy person in good wellness, because they may place importance on a very different gear up of variables than those involved in quality of life.

Life Satisfaction Theory and Psychology

There are two main types of theories about life satisfaction:

Bottom-up theories: life satisfaction every bit a issue of satisfaction in the many domains of life.
Meridian-downward theories: life satisfaction as an influencer of domain-specific satisfaction (Heady, Veenhoven, & Wearing, 1991).

Bottom-upward theories hold that we experience satisfaction in many domains of life, like work, relationships, family and friends, personal development, and health and fitness. Our satisfaction with our lives in these areas combines to create our overall life satisfaction.

On the other hand, tiptop-downward theories state that our overall life satisfaction influences (or even determines) our life satisfaction in the many different domains. This argue is ongoing, just for most people it is enough to know that overall life satisfaction and satisfaction in the multiple domains of life are closely related.

The theories and discussions that are drawing more interest are those about how the mechanism of evaluating one'south life works. How exercise nosotros decide that we are satisfied with our lives? How do we determine that nosotros are not?

Researcher Jussi Suikkanen'southward theory of life satisfaction is an intriguing one: a person is satisfied with her life when "a more informed and rational hypothetical version of her" would estimate that her life fulfills her platonic life-plan (2011). This theory avoids one of the main issues that plagues the simpler version of this theory—that a person is happy when she judges that her life fulfills her ideal life-plan.

The reason this simpler version of the theory fails to truly capture life satisfaction is that information technology could inappropriately point life satisfaction in a person who is simply temporarily or spontaneously happy but does not make whatever effort to consider how her life is going (Suikkanen, 2011). There's certainly nothing wrong with being spontaneously happy, but it takes more than just feeling momentarily happy to have life satisfaction!

Inquiry and Studies

Although the advent of positive psychology effectually 2000 spiked interest in constructs like happiness, well-being, and life satisfaction, these topics have been pop with psychologists for several decades. Every bit such, there is a good torso of piece of work in which to base of operations our understanding of life satisfaction.

Mayhap the best place to start in learning about life satisfaction is with Ed Diener and his colleagues.

Ed Diener and his Work on Subjective Well-Being

The proper noun Ed Diener is nearly synonymous with well-beingness and life satisfaction; every bit nosotros'll cover later, Diener's scale measuring life satisfaction is 1 of the most commonly used scales in positive psychology.

Since the 1980s, Diener'southward work has been leading the way on enquiry into these topics. He even coined the term "subjective well-being," or SWB, and introduced SWB as a quantifiable attribute of the elusive construct of happiness.

From Diener, nosotros too know that people are by and large happy. A groundbreaking study in 1996 establish that about one third of people in the United States say they are "very happy" and but 1 in ten say they are "not too happy" (Diener & Diener).

Diener'due south time to come work on average subjective well-being or life satisfaction establish that those nosotros frequently recollect of as being prime candidates for low and unhappiness are surprisingly happy—perhaps considering of a genetic predisposition towards being happy.

Diener contributed to the idea that happiness is largely determined by genetics when he found that external weather condition are unlikely to have a large or lasting impact on a person's happiness (unless it'south a huge life change, such as becoming completely disabled or otherwise beingness unable to work, or being unable to engage in a healthy sexual relationship).

Based on Diener'due south extensive piece of work in this area, he has identified four "ingredients for a happy life":

Psychological wealth is more than money—it is too your mental attitude, goals, and engagement at work.
Happiness not but feels adept, it is also beneficial to relationships, work, and health.
It is helpful to set realistic expectations about happiness. No i is completely happy all the time!
Thinking is an of import piece of happiness; boosting our noesis tin can boost our happiness, if done appropriately (Pursuit of Happiness, n.d.).

That's helpful in getting a grasp on life satisfaction, only let'due south go a little more than specific on these ingredients.

Life Satisfaction and its Contributing Factors

The chief contributing factors to life satisfaction are non completely understood yet, and the weight they are given past each individual varies; but, enquiry has found that they probable fall into one of four sequential categories:

Life chances
Class of events
Flow of experience
Evaluation of life (Veenhoven, 1996)

In the life chances category, you will observe societal resources similar economical welfare, social equality, political liberty, culture, and moral gild; personal resource like social position, material property, political influence, social prestige, and family bonds; and individual abilities like physical fitness, psychic fortitude, social adequacy, and intellectual skill.

In the course of events category, the events can involve factors similar need or affluence, attack or protection, confinement or visitor, humiliation or award, routine or challenge, and ugliness or beauty. These are the things that tin face up us every bit nosotros go through our daily life, causing us to lean more in one management or the other: towards greater satisfaction or greater dissatisfaction.

The flow of feel category includes experiences similar yearning or satiation, anxiety or safety, loneliness or honey, rejection or respect, dullness or excitement, and repulsion or rapture. These are the feelings and responses that nosotros accept to the things that happen to usa; they are determined by both our personal and societal resources, our individual abilities, and the course of events.

Finally, the evaluation of life is an appraisement of the average effect of all of these interactions. It involves comparison our ain life with our idea of the "skilful life," and how the good and the bad in our life balances out.

Looking at Life Satisfaction by Country

Studies on the variance in life satisfaction between nations have shown that living conditions exert a strong influence over average life satisfaction. That is, economically prosperous countries tend to have a higher average life satisfaction than poorer nations; on a similar notation, countries with better task prospects are generally higher in life satisfaction than countries where unemployment is loftier (Helliwell, Layard, & Sachs, 2017).

The correlation betwixt income and life satisfaction is higher in poorer countries compared to more affluent countries, and life satisfaction tends to be higher in egalitarian countries. In countries with higher equality, people are more able to choose lifestyles that best fit their preferences and desires, making it more probable that they will be satisfied with their lives.

Didactics is an interesting betoken when studying life satisfaction; based on the variance between nations, it seems that more highly educated countries generally experience higher levels of satisfaction. However, it is interesting to note that for individuals, the issue of pedagogy on life satisfaction is stronger when few people within that individual'south state have gained the individual's level of education.

For example, a person with a bachelor's caste in a country with depression average educational activity probable experiences a bigger boost to life satisfaction than a person with a bachelor'southward degree in a more highly educated country (Salinas-Jiménez, Artés, & Salinas- Jiménez, 2011).

Variables such every bit mental and physical wellness, energy, extroversion, and empathy accept all been shown to be strongly correlated to satisfaction, but it is sometimes hard to determine the management in which these relationships work: are these variables the products or the causes of life satisfaction, or peradventure both?

The Importance of Life Satisfaction

Non only does greater life satisfaction make us feel happier and merely enjoy life more, it also has a positive bear on on our health and well-being.

Research has institute that life satisfaction is strongly correlated with health-related factors like chronic affliction, sleep problems, hurting, obesity, smoking, anxiety, and physical action (Strine, Chapman, Balluz, Moriarty, & Mokdad, 2008). The human relationship may move in both directions, simply it's clear that life satisfaction and health go hand in manus—increment or heighten one, and the other will likely soon follow.

Farther, a recent study by researchers at Chapman University institute that life satisfaction is really related to a reduced take chances of mortality! In addition, frequent fluctuations in life satisfaction have been shown to be specially harmful for health and longevity (Boehm, Winning, Kubzansky, & Segerstrom, 2015).

Measuring Life Satisfaction

Beginning in the 1960s, life satisfaction was originally thought to be measured objectively and externally; the same way measuring heart rate or blood force per unit area can be measured objectively and externally. Since and then, based on numerous studies of the subject, information technology has become evident that measuring life satisfaction considerately is fraught with difficulty.

Although life satisfaction is correlated with variables like income, health, and relationship quality, every individual may weight these variables differently than others. It is not unheard of that a person with depression income, poor wellness, and few close relationships has higher life satisfaction than someone with wealth, a clean bill of wellness, and many friends.

Further, there is no objective way to measure out life satisfaction from the outside. How would one measure out life satisfaction externally—past the number of smiles? The ratio of laughter to tears? The frequency of dances for joy? If this sounds silly, you're correct; it'south meant to sound silly! Considering of individual differences in personality and emotional expression, information technology'southward absurd to think we tin measure life satisfaction from the outside.

Thus, it logically follows that to become an accurate measure of life satisfaction, it must exist obtained subjectively; common techniques for measuring include, surveys, questionnaires, and interviews.

The Satisfaction with Life Scale (PDF)

The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), created by Ed Diener, has been the virtually popular and widely used mensurate of life satisfaction since its inception in the 1980s. It consists of v statements that respondents rate on a scale from ane (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). This assessment doesn't specify explicit domains in which respondents should rate their satisfaction, such every bit work or health; instead, it asks more general questions to produce a subjective evaluation of life as a whole (Diener & Pavot, 1993).

This subjectivity is important in the measurement of life satisfaction because, every bit we noted earlier, people can and exercise differ widely based on variables such as land, faith, and values; though we telephone call the same earth "home," nosotros take such a variety of perspectives and ways of life that it would be impossible to break life satisfaction downwardly into specific realms (Diener, Inglehart & Tay, 2013).

To acquire more about this measure or to measure your own life satisfaction, click here. It is brusque, piece of cake to answer, and it takes just ane minute to complete.

The Life Satisfaction Index Questionnaire

Another popular scale of life satisfaction is the Life Satisfaction Index, a 20-particular questionnaire that produces an overall measure of quality of life for adults over 50. It was created by researchers Neugarten, Havighurst, and Tobin in 1961, but information technology is still in utilise today. In that location is besides an 11-item curt form version of the questionnaire that provides similarly reliable results.

Whichever version is taken, the user responds to items based on a iii-bespeak calibration: Disagree, Don't Know, and Concord. Some items are positively worded, with "Concur" getting the most points, and some items are negatively worded, with "Disagree" assigned maximum points. The higher the overall score, the college the individual's life satisfaction.

Some sample items include:

As I grow older, things seem ameliorate than I idea they would be.
I expect some interesting and pleasant things to happen to me in the future.
Compared to other people my age, I've made a lot of foolish decisions in my life. (opposite-scored)
When I think back over my life, I didn't go nigh of the important things I wanted. (reverse-scored)

The original LSI spawned many adaptations and versions, many of which can be found online. To learn more about the LSI, click here.

Other Measuring Surveys and Inventories

Another pop method of measuring life satisfaction is with single-item measures. These measures use one single argument or question to produce an overall score of life satisfaction, and the results seem to exist similar to those produced by longer scales and inventories.

For example, a recent exploration of the unmarried-item life satisfaction measure out compared the SWLS with the item "In general, how satisfied are you lot with your life?" rated on a scale from ane (very satisfied) to iv (very dissatisfied) institute no substantial differences between the two measures (Cheung & Lucas, 2014).

One of the most recently adult measures of life satisfaction is the Riverside Life Satisfaction Scale (Margolis, Schwitzgebel, Ozer, & Lyubomirsky, 2018). The authors state that this measure improves on Diener and colleagues' Satisfaction with Life Scale by increasing the scope of the measure and reducing the potential for acquiescence bias (a tendency to simply agree with items).

The mensurate appears to be a good measure of life satisfaction and can exist used with any English-speaking audience. It is composed of only 6 items and rated on a calibration from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly concur).

The 6 items include:

I like how my life is going.
If I could live my life over, I would change many things.
I am content with my life.
Those around me seem to be living amend lives than my own.
I am satisfied with where I am in life correct now.
I want to change the path my life is on.

Any of these measures are good choices for getting a read on life satisfaction, but y'all may find that one suits your needs ameliorate than the others. If length is your main business organization, y'all might want to go with a single-item measure. If validity and interpretability is your main concern, so you can't go wrong with the SWLS.

Life Satisfaction in Sometime Historic period

Speaking of measuring life satisfaction, let's take a look at what we know nigh differences in satisfaction with life.

In general, life satisfaction remains relatively high in old historic period; at to the lowest degree, information technology'south not all that different from life satisfaction in young people. Although the normal complaints of aging (e.g., aches and pains, sleeping problems) can take away from 1's enjoyment of life, the factors associated with these complaints often lose importance to older adults.

Average life satisfaction may non change much with historic period, but the contributing factors and how much weight is placed on them certainly does. Older adults do not place as much value on things like status and money as younger people, but they tend to place more than value on family unit relationships and long-term fulfillment from one's life.

One'southward overall concrete health can be an important predictor of life satisfaction, but it seems that mental health is probable a much bigger contributor to life satisfaction than physical health in quondam age (Leyden Academy, n.d.).

Factors Affecting Life Satisfaction Among the Elderly

You lot probably won't find this surprising, but 1 of the most influential factors affecting life satisfaction for elderly people is wisdom—divers as having "skillful cognition in the fundamental pragmatics of life," the tendency towards reflection on one's own behavior and that of others, and kindness and empathy instead of egotism (Ardelt, 1997).

While physical health, socioeconomic status, and social interest can play a significant role in life satisfaction for elderly people (and for all people), wisdom was found to be most twice as influential as the other factors. This is especially true for women, as tests show that physical health is much for important for elderly men than information technology is for elderly women (Ardelt, 1997).

A fascinating study on life satisfaction in older individuals who had already passed explored the touch of a slightly morbid factor—years from decease.

The researchers found that changes in life satisfaction were better predicted by years from death than historic period, indicating that the concrete and cognitive declines that often have place equally individuals near death are much more impactful on happiness and well-beingness than chronological age (Gerstorf, Ram, Rӧcke, Lindenberger, & Smith, 2008).

A more than contempo study on elderly individuals in China besides emphasized the importance of wellness as a primary determining factor of life satisfaction for older adults (Ng, Tey, & Asadullah, 2017). The total list of important factors included:

Gender (females +)
Education (+)
Place of residence (city + vs. town -)
Health status (amend wellness +)
Cognitive power (+)
Regular physical examinations (+)
Perceived relative economic status (+)
Access to social security provisions (+)
Commercialized insurances (+)
Living arrangements (with family unit members +)
Number of social services available in the community (+)

Interestingly, this study establish that self-rated health had more than of an bear upon on life satisfaction than objective measures of health (Ng et al., 2017). This fits with what we know nigh life satisfaction though—a lot of information technology comes down to your attitude!

How to Improve Life Satisfaction

So, tin can you better your life satisfaction?

Every bit we've suggested throughout this piece, yes! If you are non equally satisfied with your life as you would similar to exist, there are things you can practice to change this.

As we've seen, there are many factors associated with life satisfaction. Work on improving or enhancing these factors, and y'all will find that your life satisfaction improves at the same time.

These factors include relationships with loved ones, fulfillment from piece of work, satisfaction with your physical wellness, happiness with your romantic life, and contentment with your sense of spirituality or religion.

Dr. Leslie Becker-Phelps offers five questions to help guide you on boosting your life satisfaction. These questions are grounded in research and certain to at to the lowest degree give you something to think about:

Practise you effort new experiences? Trying new things and breaking out of your routine is a great style to improve your satisfaction with life.
Do you effort your hardest in everything you exercise? Committing yourself to whatever you do 100% (or as shut equally you tin can get) volition give you a sense of fulfillment and satisfaction that mindless work and passive pleasures but can't deliver.
Practise you enjoy spending time with other people? "No man is an island," after all! Even the well-nigh introverted among us demand at least a few quality connections and occasional social interactions to feel happy with their life.
In your everyday interactions, exercise you approach people with a desire to get along? Related to getting out and coming together people, it'southward important that those interactions are positive. Make an effort to be more than positive and agreeable to ensure that y'all accept the right kinds of interactions.
Are you easily upset by unlike kinds of issues? Struggling with frequent anxiety, sadness, guilt, shame, or anger can easily elevate you down. Set a goal to get a happier, more resilient person and work towards information technology. If you're not sure how to go about it, gear up up some fourth dimension with a therapist or advisor to talk over (Becker-Phelps, 2012).

Utilize these five questions to figure out where there is space for more than satisfaction in your life.

fourteen Quotes on Life Satisfaction

If you're looking for some skillful insight or uplifting quotes on life satisfaction, you've come to the right identify! Cheque these out:

"You've got to become upwardly every morning with determination if you lot're going to go to bed with satisfaction."

George Horace Lorimer

"The basic human reaction to pleasure is non satisfaction, but rather craving for more. Hence, no affair what we reach, information technology simply increases our craving, non our satisfaction."

Yuval Noah Harari

"To be able to look back upon one'south life in satisfaction, is to alive twice."

Khalil Gibran

"The value of life lies not in the length of days, but in the apply we make of them… Whether you notice satisfaction in life depends not on your tale of years, but on your volition."

Michel de Montaigne

"The rarity of happiness amid those who achieved much is evidence that achievement is not in itself the balls of a happy life. The bully, like the apprehensive, may have to notice their satisfaction in the same plain things."

Edgar A. Collard

"Satisfaction of i'south curiosity is i of the greatest sources of happiness in life."

Linus Pauling

"When we cannot find contentment in ourselves, it is useless to seek it elsewhere."

Francois La Rochefoucauld

"Satisfaction is not always the fulfillment of what you desire; information technology is the realization of how blessed you are for what you have."

Ritu Ghatourey

"It is hard to be satisfied with life, if you're never satisfied with yourself."

Beth Sugariness

"Happiness is when what you recollect, what you say, and what you do are in harmony."

Mahatma Gandhi

"Often people attempt to live their lives backwards; they try to have more things, or more money, in order to do more of what they want, and so they volition be happier."

Margaret Young

"We tend to forget that happiness doesn't come as a effect of getting something nosotros don't have, but rather of recognizing and appreciating what nosotros do have."

Frederick Keonig

"Our greatest happiness does not depend on the condition of life in which chance has placed united states of america, just is e'er the consequence of a good conscience, good health, occupation, and freedom in all just pursuits."

Thomas Jefferson

"Psychological wealth includes life satisfaction, the feeling that life is full of meaning, a sense of engagement in interesting activities, the pursuit of important goals, the experience of positive emotional feelings, and a sense of spirituality that connects people to things larger than themselves."

Ed Diener

Y'all can find more quotes on happiness and life satisfaction hither.

A Accept-Domicile Message

In this slice, nosotros covered the topic of life satisfaction, differentiated information technology from happiness and well-being, and discussed its correlates and contributing factors. I hope you found this information helpful and that you go out with a clearer understanding of the importance of life satisfaction, both in enquiry and in life.

What are your thoughts on life satisfaction? What are the biggest contributors to life satisfaction for yous? Exercise yous have another theory of life satisfaction that y'all concord to? Let us know in the comments!

Thanks for reading!

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